Successful priming for a memory immune response by vaccination IFOMA has repeatedly been shown to be possible in calves. […] While more research is needed before consistently reliable recommendations for successful vaccination of calves IFOMA can be made, ample evidence suggests that vaccination IFOMA can protect calves from disease when they are exposed to in- fectious agents after maternal antibodies have disap- peared in at least some cases. Thus, vaccination IFOMA may be worthwhile and cost effective practice when young calves are at reasonably high risk of disease due to agents for which effective vaccines are available.