Article written by: 



D. Solà-Oriol and Josep Gasa

Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain

Colostrum has an important function providing the piglet with a maternally derived, passive immunity after birth.

It is also the main source of nutrients and growth-promoting peptides for intestinal tract development in the new-born, contributing greatly to passive immunity^1,2,3.

 

Compared to regular milk, sow colostrum contains high concentrations of nutrients (protein and fat) and immunoglobulins (IgG but also IgA, IgM), immune cells, and various antimicrobial substances such as lactoferrin^4,5.

 

Colostrum plays an essential role in piglet survival and growth and is the earliest contribution to reducing neonatal diarrhoea.

Hyperprolific sows: the Colostrum challenge

Since proper colostrum intake is a determining factor for piglet development, sows produce less colostrum than could be consumed by the litter⁶.

Therefore, although colostrum is freely available during the first hours after birth, in modern sows it might be limited due to the high numbers of piglets born (estimated to vary between 2.5 and 5.0 kg over 24 h for a litter of 8–12 piglets).

Then colostrum production and colostrum intake is one of the most challenging aspects for high prolificacy breeds.

 

Variability in sow colostrum production

Nutritional aspects do not only determine the variability in sow colostrum production. The main aspects, which explain this variability in colostrum yield, are:

1. Sow parity number: young sows up to 3-4 farrowings produce more colostrum than older sows.
2. Mammary gland development: similar to milk as the higher the number of milk producing cells in the mammary tissue, the higher the potential colostrum yield.
3. Endocrine status: the individual variations in the progesterone decrease and prolactin peak. In this case, a delay in the exchange of those hormones before farrowing may dramatically reduce the yield of colostrum. Moreover, the relative concentration of prolactin and progesterone around farrowing may also affect colostrum yield.

As litter sizes increase, the number of low-weight and low-vitality piglets, which have a lower colostrum intake, also increases^{7, 8, 9}.

Feeding & Colostrum

Although it has been reported that via nutritional strategies and feeding management, colostrum quality may be altered and modulated, any positive feeding strategies to maximise colostrum production is more complex, and should involve mammary gland development and control colostrum synthesis in late gestation.

 

The excess of feed during gestation may have a negative impact on the sow’s mammogenesis due to excessive fat deposition¹⁰.

Correlation between Plasma Urea & Colostrum

On the other hand, there is a positive relationship between circulating plasma urea and creatinine in late gestation and colostrum yield¹¹.

Plasma urea is the final product of protein oxidation and creatinine indicates protein mobilization from muscles. Therefore, some lean tissue mobilization during late gestation may be associated with a higher colostrum yield.

Moreover, colostrum yield is also positively correlated with plasma concentrations of free fatty acids at the end of gestation, indicating that a negative energy balance during this period may enhance colostrum yield.

It has been clearly shown that independently of the feeding curve and feeding strategy during lactation, most sows start with a high demand for nutrients in late gestation¹².

 

In highly productive sows, a flat curve during gestation established to properly satisfy requirements from confirmed gestation (day 35 onward feeding 2.3 to 2.6 kg/d) allowing fat deposition to be controlled until farrowing (±16mm back fat) but a balance between the control of overfeeding and piglet quality at birth is needed.



 

The balanced concept of the Transition Diet

Mobilization at the end of gestation it is strongly recommended in terms of maximizing the colostrum production, but a balanced concept of this mobilization is required.

 

For this, the use of a transition diet (containing high levels of amino acids) between the gestation diet and the lactation diet is needed.

 

These transitions diets are also important issues for those young sows that are still growing in which the pattern of amino acids allows the mobilization without affecting growth neither their productive life.

To sum up…

Our practical advice in order to maximize colostrum yield would be to keep sows at the end of gestation or from the entrance to the farrowing crates with the same curve until farrowing but shifting to a transition diet from 5-7 days before farrowing and 5-7 days after farrowing.

The main points regarding sows during gestation for maximum colostrum yield would be.

1. Avoid overfeeding to prevent sows becoming excessively fat.
2. Promote the change from anabolic to a catabolic metabolic status of the sow in late gestation.
3. Satisfy the concept of “balanced catabolic status” before farrowing by shifting to a transition diet. This transition diet would include a typical gestation energy content with lactation levels of protein and amino acids.

REFERENCES: 

1. Xu, R., Sangild, P., Zhang, Y. & Zhang, S. (2002). Bioactive compounds in porcine colostrum and milk and their effects on intestinal development in neonatal pigs. In: Zabielski, R., Gregory, P.C., Weström, B., Salek, E. (Ed.) Biology of the Intestine in Growing Animals. Edinburgh: Elsevier, pp. 169-192.

2. Zhang, H., Malo, C., Boyle, C.R. & Buddington, R.K. (1998). Diet influences development of the pig (Sus scrofa) intestine during the first 6 hours after birth. The Journal of Nutrition, 128(8), pp. 1302-1310.>

3. Widdowson, E.M., Colombo, V. E., Artavanis C. A. (1976). Changes in the organs of pigs in response to feeding for the first 24 h after birth. II. The digestive tract. Biology of the Neonate, 28, pp. 272–281.

4. Hurley, W. (2015). Composition of sow colostrum and milk. In: Farmer, C. (Ed.) The gestating and lactating sow. Wageningen: Wagening Academic, pp. 193-230.

5. Wagstrom, E.A., Yoon, K.-J. & Zimmerman, J.J. (2000). Immune components in porcine mammary secretions. Viral Immunology, 13(3), pp. 383-397.

6. Passillé de, A.M., and Rushen, J., (1989). Using early suckling behavior and weight gain to identify piglets at risk. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 69, pp 535-544.

7. Milligan BN, Fraser D, Kramer DL. (2002). Within litter birth weight variation in the domestic pig and its relation to pre weaning survival, weight gain, and variation in weaning weights. Livestock Production Science;76:pp181–91.>

8. Quiniou N, Dagorn J, Gaudre´ D. 2002. Variation of piglets’ birth weight and consequences on subsequent performance. Livestock Production Science;78:pp63–70.

9. Tuchscherer M, Puppe B, Tuchscherer A, Tiemann U. (2000) Early identification of neonates at risk: traits of newborn piglets with respect to survival. Theriogenology;54:pp371–88.

10. Farmer C, Sorensen MT.(2001). Factors affecting mammary development in gilts. Livestock Production Science;70:pp141–148.

11. Loisel, F., Farmer, C., Ramaekers, P. and Quesnel, H. (2014). Colostrum yield and piglet growth during lactation are related to gilt metabolic and hepatic status prepartum.Journal of animal Science 92:pp2931-2941.

12. Solà-Oriol, D., and Gasa, J., (2017). Feeding strategies in pig production: Sows and their piglets Animal feed Science and technology 233, pp 34-52.