8. So… are PRRS virus vaccines useful?

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Although several vaccines are available worldwide, we know that they do not provide full and universal protection against PRRS virus infection. As stated above, there are two main reasons behind this phenomenon:

The virus has high genetic diversity.
The virus strongly modulates the immune responses.

So… one question arises, are PRRS virus vaccines useful? The answer is quite simple: ABSOLUTELY YES.

Although vaccination does not necessarily provide full protection against the infection, it can reduce the impact of the disease.

Vaccines have beneficial effects in terms of clinical protection.
Vaccines can reduce the proportion of viraemic pigs and the duration of the viraemia.
Vaccines can reduce PRRS virus shedding.
Therefore, vaccines can minimise the transmission of the virus.

In order to ensure the best results using the vaccination, two main factors need to be considered:

Combination of actions and measures are essential: management and biosecurity.
Time is needed to reach a minimum level of immunity.

© Laboratorios Hipra, S.A. All Rights Reserved.

No part of this website or any of its contents may be reproduced, copied, modified or adapted, without the prior written consent of HIPRA.

REFERENCES:

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Buddaert W, Van Reeth K, Pensaert M. In vivo and in vitro interferon (IFN) studies with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998, 440:461-7.
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Butler JE, Lager KM, Golde W, Faaberg KS, Sinkora M, Loving C, Zhang YI. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): an immune dysregulatory pandemic. Immunol Res. 2014, 59:81-108.
Calzada-Nova G, Schnitzlein WM, Husmann RJ, Zuckermann FA. North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses inhibit type I interferon production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Virol. 2011, 85:2703-13.
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Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Binjawadagi B, Linhares D, Murtaugh MP, Renukaradhya GJ. Evaluation of immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs during early stage of infection under farm conditions. Virol J. 2012, 9:45.
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8. So… are PRRS virus vaccines useful?

Although vaccination does not necessarily provide full protection against the infection, it can reduce the impact of the disease.

© Laboratorios Hipra, S.A. All Rights Reserved. No part of this website or any of its contents may be reproduced, copied, modified or adapted, without the prior written consent of HIPRA.

Albina E, Carrat C, Charley B. Interferon-alpha response to swine arterivirus (PoAV), the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1998, 18:485-90.

Ansari IH, Kwon B, Osorio FA, Pattnaik AK. Influence of N-linked glycosylation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 on virus infectivity, antigenicity, and ability to induce neutralizing antibodies. J Virol. 2006, 80:3994–4004.

Badaoui B, Rutigliano T, Anselmo A, Vanhee M, Nauwynck H, Giuffra E, Botti S. RNA-sequence analysis of primary alveolar macrophages after in vitro infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains of differing virulence. PLoS One. 2014, 9:e91918.

Balasuriya UB, MacLachlan NJ. The immune response to equine arteritis virus: potential lessons for other arteriviruses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2004, 102:107-29.

Baumann A, Mateu E, Murtaugh MP, Summerfield A. Impact of genotype 1 and 2 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses on interferon-α responses by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Vet Res. 2013, 44:33.

Bautista EM, Molitor TW. Cell-mediated immunity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in swine. Viral Immunol. 1997, 10: 83-94.

Bautista EM, Molitor TW. IFN gamma inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in macrophages. Arch Virol. 1999, 144:1191-200.

Buddaert W, Van Reeth K, Pensaert M. In vivo and in vitro interferon (IFN) studies with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998, 440:461-7.

Burgara-Estrella A, Díaz I, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Essler SE, Hernández J, Mateu E. Predicted peptides from non-structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus are able to induce IFN-γ and IL-10. Viruses. 2013, 5:663-77.

Butler JE, Lager KM, Golde W, Faaberg KS, Sinkora M, Loving C, Zhang YI. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): an immune dysregulatory pandemic. Immunol Res. 2014, 59:81-108.

Calzada-Nova G, Schnitzlein WM, Husmann RJ, Zuckermann FA. North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses inhibit type I interferon production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Virol. 2011, 85:2703-13.

Calzada-Nova G, Schnitzlein W, Husmann R, Zuckermann FA. Characterization of the cytokine and maturation responses of pure populations of porcine plasmacytoid dendritic cells to porcine viruses and toll-like receptor agonists. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2010, 135:20-33.

Cancel-Tirado SM, Evans RB, Yoon KJ. Monoclonal antibody analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus epitopes associated with antibody-dependent enhancement and neutralization of virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2004, 102:249-62.

Cao J, Grauwet K, Vermeulen B, Devriendt B, Jiang P, Favoreel H, Nauwynck H. Suppression of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro. Vet Microbiol. 2013, 164:261-9.

Choi CS, Christianson WT, Collins JE, Joo HS, Molitor T. Antibody dependent enhancement of SIRS virus replication. Am Assoc Swine Pract Newsl. 1992, 4:30.

Chung HK, Chae C. Expression of interleukin-10 and interleukin-12 in piglets experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). J Comp Pathol. 2003, 129:205-12.

Costers S, Vanhee M, Van Breedam W, Van Doorsselaere J, Geldhof M, Nauwynck HJ. GP4-specific neutralizing antibodies might be a driving force in PRRSV evolution. Virus Res. 2010, 154:104-13.

Costers S, Lefebvre DJ, Goddeeris B, Delputte PL, Nauwynck HJ. Functional impairment of PRRSV-specific peripheral CD3+CD8high cells. Vet Res. 2009, 40:46.

Darwich L, Díaz I, Mateu E. Certainties, doubts and hypotheses in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus immunobiology. Virus Res. 2010, 154:123-32.

Darwich L, Gimeno M, Sibila M, Diaz I, de la Torre E, Dotti S, Kuzemtseva L, Martin M, Pujols J, Mateu E. Genetic and immunobiological diversities of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome genotype I strains. Vet Microbiol. 2011, 150:49-62.

de Lima M, Pattnaik AK, Flores EF, Osorio FA. Serologic marker candidates identified among B-cell linear epitopes of Nsp2 and structural proteins of a North American strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virology. 2006, 30:410–421.

Díaz I, Darwich L, Pappaterra G, Pujols J, Mateu E. Immune responses of pigs after experimental infection with a European strain of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Gen Virol. 2005, 86:1943-51.

Díaz I, Darwich L, Pappaterra G, Pujols J, Mateu E. Different European-type vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus have different immunological properties and confer different protection to pigs. Virology. 2006, 351:249-59.

Díaz I, Gimeno M, Darwich L, Navarro N, Kuzemtseva L, López S, Galindo I, Segalés J, Martín M, Pujols J, Mateu E. Characterization of homologous and heterologous adaptive immune responses in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Vet Res. 2012, 19:43:30.

Dokland T. The structural biology of PRRSV. Virus Res. 2010, 154:86-97.

Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Binjawadagi B, Linhares D, Murtaugh MP, Renukaradhya GJ. Evaluation of immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs during early stage of infection under farm conditions. Virol J. 2012, 9:45.

Faaberg KS, Hocker JD, Erdman MM, Harris DL, Nelson EA, Torremorell M, Plagemann PG. Neutralizing antibody responses of pigs infected with natural GP5 N-glycan mutants of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Viral Immunol. 2006, 19:294-304.

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